The Chinese Revolution, a Momentous and Significant Revolution Free Essays

The Chinese Revolution, beginning in 1911 and ending in 1949 was a momentous and significant revolution within history. The Chinese Revolution was a result of impearialistic control of China by other countries, unfair treatment of peasants, and young people’s desire to modernize China. Similar to The Chinese Revolution, the novel â€Å"Animal Farm† was an allegory that also exhibited the strive for freedom and respect within a nation, or in this case the Manor Farm. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chinese Revolution, a Momentous and Significant Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the novel, the animals fought hard inorder to rebel against the rule of their often drunk owner Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones was a mean unkind master who enjoyed a care free life while the animals lack food. Respectively, the Chinese also strived for freedom and rights in China while under the rule of the Qing Dynatsy, although the Qing Dynasty was very helpful with major improvements as building roads and post offices to make interchange of labor, information, and resources in china, making the first currency that can be used through whole China, and, formulating language, written letters, numeric system, units for weights and measure in china. The Qing Dynatsty was still a very unfair and unjust political system ran by a long line curropt dictators all within the Qing family, and the people of China as did the animals in the novel decided enough was enough. So with the help of Mao Zedong, communist philantropist and future leader of china, offered communism as an alternative to the peasants in china promising food, jobs, and homes to everyone who followed the words of communism. And with the team work of china’s peasant population which was the majority of China and Mao Zendong they effortously overthrew the Qing Dynasty. As did the animals, but instead of the Chinese government simply the Manor Farm, but the proccess towards conducting these revolutions were almost identical. Knowing the novel animal Farm is based on the time period of the Russian Revolution, the animals within the novel can been seen as the peasants of The Chinese Revolution. The Pigs, or futher known as Snowball whose character is based on Lenin Trostsky, and Napolean whos character is based on Joseph Stalin can be viewed as Mao Zendong or the other contibutors to the Chinese Revolution as Chaing Kai Shek. With the help of both parties the animals using strength pyhsically and in numbers, wit, and intelligence wer able to formulate plans and strategies like Mao Zendong How to cite The Chinese Revolution, a Momentous and Significant Revolution, Papers

Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics. Answer: Introduction The concept of leadership dominates all work environments. This is especially so because no organization can run successfully without the able guidance of a good leader who leads by being an example himself (Anderson and Sun 2017). In this report we will try to analyze the leadership and management of Oman Air, an airline service based in Oman. Oman Air is the national airline service of Oman headquartered in Muscat, the capital city. Established in 1993, the airline service has grown rapidly since witnessed substantial growth and has played a chief role in transforming the city of Muscat into an essential air traffic hub in the Middle East. The airline also led to the development and supported the florishment of industry and tourism in the region (Omanair.com 2017). Known for its classy couriers and world class in flight services, the airline is a flagship transporter service of the Sultanate of Oman. The airline service currently operates direct international flights from Muscat to almost all the countries of the Gulf Middle Eastern region and also to Cairo and Amman and Kenya recently. The airline also offers its services to 11 destinations in India, 2 in Bangladesh, 3 in Pakistan, 1 each for Nepal and Sri Lanka and also to the southeast Asian destinations like Bangkok, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Jakarta, Zanzibar, Dar Es Salaam and Guangzhou. The destinations in European region are London, Milan, Munich, Frankfurt, Paris and Zurich. Objectives of the airline To be a safe airline To be the airline of first choice To increase revenue and reduce cost To cater for growth towards our 10 year plan To contribute to the development of the Sultanate of Oman Trust and respect Integrity and transparency Taking responsibility Teamwork and fun Organizational leadership A look on the objectives and value system of the Omani air service provider gives an insight into the commitment of the airline in developing the business as a leader in the market by empowering the employees management. In context of Oman air, it is very important to understand that the airlines is owned by the Sultanate of Oman, headed by the ruler Qaboos bin Said Al Said. The system of absolute monarchy by hereditary is practiced in the country where the ruler is the decision maker. Moreover Islam being the main religion prevalent, the organizational operations of businesses are largely guided by Islamic laws and principles. Organizational leadership refers to a dual focused management approach which works towards the dual motive of achieving the best for individuals as well as for the group in a and simultaneous manner. Leadership is defined as the capacity to make participants in an organization focus on a goal which is considered as important by the leader (Bolman and Deal 2017). The leader here, sets a goal, decides the path and encourages the others to follow it. This approach underlines the need of an attitude to work as well as an ethical manner necessary for work that empowers employees and individuals to lead an organization be it from the top, middle, or even the bottom layers. The origins of organizational leadership can be found in the hands of Richard Cyert, Richard Cyert and Herbert Simon. They are often referred to as the Carnegie School of Behavioural studies in 1950s and 10960s. These researchers are known for their contribution in behavioral studies in understanding the actions of indiv iduals and organizations in the existent world and their challenges to the neoclassical supposition of optimization and maximization in resolution making and organizations (Chhokar et al. 2013). They found that the works of neoclassical economics gave little consideration to the institutional and cognitive constraints on economic and organizational behavior. They also found that the individual decisions and possibilities of making mistakes were also overlooked. March in addition to Simon also wanted to amalgamate empirical techniques along with theories to establish the legitimacy of their work. In context of the airline service Oman air it is interesting to see how the airline has incorporated the components of organizational leadership in its mode of operations. In this regard, focus is laid on discussing the important components of organizational leadership in context of Oman air as follows: A world vision: The development of a worldwide view in understanding the position of the organization through its own perspective as well as through the worldviews of others is very important in emerging as a leader. This view is not only concerning the conventional beliefs regarding religious ideologies, political affiliations and traditional practices but also beyond these aspects that combines the influence of existing external factors. A world view of an individual is framed by the influences of the individuals attitudes, values, opinions and belief. In terms of an organization it is very important to have a worldview as it gives the organization the leadership strength to give proper guidance operating in an organization to interface the world. It is also important for the organizational leadership to understand the composite worldwide understanding of other organizations (Elbanna 2016). Oman Air critically understands the need for worldview and for this reason the airline is ob served to have incorporated the vision of transforming the organization as one of the best in the world. Moreover the slogan of the company has been set by the leadership as modern vision; timeless tradition. This lays focus on the fact that the leadership aim at emphasizing on the existing rich traditional and cultural base of Oman with a view to be a leader in the field of airline business by offering them services that are modern, world class and quality focused. Strengths: Capitalizing on the strengths of an organization and managing the weaknesses are very important for the success of leadership. It is very important for leadership to nurture talents, understand the knowledge and employ the skills of the employees working in an organization to achieve good results. Strength is often misunderstood as being the same as ability; but ability is converted into strength only when it is utilized constantly, happily and with success (Khan, Rajasekar and Al-Asfour 2015). Oman Air leadership focuses on utilizing the strengths of the organization by enabling the workforce of the airline to offer services to the customers with proper training. The training is focused on enabling the participants to enlarge the knowledge, skills and responsiveness. This will in turn give them the ability to make over their departments by providing group based leadership through the formation and communication of vision and values, to achieve superlative standards of fea t. Ethics: The aspect of ethics is of vital importance in organizational leadership as it gives an understanding of what is right and what is considered wrong in a working environment. It guides the leader to approach a situation with impartiality and find solutions to problems. In situations where the solution is ethically questionable an effective leaders will try to look for an alternative to solve it. In organizations, leaders must be ethically guided to help develop a healthy and willful working environment. Oman air in this respect displays good ethical business behavior. Communication: A successful leader always indulges in effective, transparent and fluid communication not only within the organization with his subordinates and colleagues but also with the external world. Communication plays a vital role in setting the correct goal for the organization and the employees with clear messages. An individual who is supposed to lead must have an understanding and acknowledgement of the morals, assumptions, viewpoint and outlook of the people to whom he is communicating the message. This will help him to acknowledge the past differences and focus on areas of agreement for greater cooperation (Ruben and Gigliotti 2017). Good leaders go beyond the barriers of communication arising from lack of confidence, vocabulary, accent, speaking difficulties and appearance and give a patient ear to all the employees equally. The time to time publication of reports, in house letters to employees are such good communication tools. Organizational Dynamics Dynamics in an organization can be defined as the process of continuously augmentation of the existing resources and working on enhancing performances of employees. It can also be described as the manner in which an establishment manages and promotes directorial learning, better business practices andstrategic management. The origin of works on organizational dynamics lies in the hands of Ralph Stacey who in 1990 in his work Dynamic Strategic Management discussed on conventional ways of thinking and practice in relation to the leadership and dynamics of organizations (Shin et al., 2017). The later works gradually emphasized the importance of implementing dynamic strategic measures to make an organization effective and productive by incorporating changing trends of analysis and checking whether the organization has adapted itself with the changing times. The primary business activities that contribute to organization dynamics are: Planning: A clear and strategic planning that defines and demarcates various departments within an organization is helpful in setting measurable goals to be achieved. This sets a clear path for the necessary actions to be taken and the decisions in future. Such planning in an organization may include control of inventory, scheduling the production, appropriate forecasts for revenue generation and managing expenses. Skill based execution: After the planning, the execution of the goals should be implemented by evaluating and following up according to the expected deliverables. To achieve this, the leadership must allocate resources and responsibilities based on the skills and potentials of the employees. An exemplary oversight: The leadership must possess hands on experience with a prior knowledge of outcomes in order to motivate the employees to be innovative and perform well. Systematic evaluation: This helps the leadership in formulating systems to gather data qnd evaluating if the goals are met. Effective human resource practices: An effective system of human resource management to ensure that employees are trained and skilled up to function productively is inevitable for an organization. It helps the organization to be up to date with the requisite knowledge, technical knowhow and skills. Project managers can go a long way impacting the overall performance by effectively planning, managing risks and empowering individuals to excel. Oman Air, since its evolution has held on to the adoption of a dynamic system of organizational functioning. The airlines have incorporated a strategic approach of transforming the organization as a world class business model by investing on a well built infrastructure network and skilled manpower who are rooted to the Omani culture and yet ambitious to have an international appeal. Right from the inclusion of fuel efficient and modern business class aircrafts to implementing schemes like providing skills on leadership to airline managers the airlines has carved a niche for itself as a leader in the aviation industry of the Middle East. The adoption of investment plans in innovations in the aviation sector and the policy of customized service excellence with dedication and punctuality have enabled the business to reach the pinnacle of success. The codeshare agreements Oman Air has with the leading airlines have also helped it expand successfully. Management control over development of Organization An organization can be called effective only when its top management comprehend how to handle and control it effectively. The primary intention of the facet of control as a notion and route is to stimulate and route workforce in their roles. In order to ensure that organizations run effectively in the long run, understanding the process of managerial control and systems is very important. The term control has different connotation depending upon the context of the use of the term. In the context of organization control refers to an ability to order and manage the functions and management of unit. As a supervision process it aims at achieving defined goals within a fixed period of time through an established time schedule. It is the composition of three elements which are: (1) setting standards, (2) enumerating actual performance, and (3) taking remedial action. Control exists in every level of an organization and it aims at a continuous exercise of evaluation of the necessary actions that need to be taken to fulfill the objectives of an organization. It is mainly a managerial activity where all the top office bearers of the organizations involve in rigorous evaluation. It decides plans and strategically designs the plan of action and the path to follow it taking into accounts the existing resources and deficits. Control exists in all the management levels of an organization and the jurisdiction of control authority varies from one level to another. The apex management would be involved in strategic control, central management into calculated control and lower level into operational control. Since the objective of a control mechanism is always goal oriented in an organization hence, it should involve strategic planning. Organizational composition of Oman Air The organizational structure of Oman Air consists of a board of directors and three distinct committees. They are- Executive Committee Audit Committee Human Resources Committee Executive committee: The Executive Committee plays the most important supervisory role in ensuring that the operations of the airline are carried out in pursuing the future vision and current mission of the service. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the airline, Paul Gregorowitsch is the head of the executive committee. Audit committee: This committee helps the board of Directors to ensure the veracity of the financial statements and recommending the appointment of the external auditor to the shareholders. Human resource committee: The purpose of the Human Resources Committee is to assist the Board in the effective discharge of its responsibilities to oversee establishment and implementation of appropriate human resources strategies and policies to achieve short and long term organizational objectives. Board of directors: The board of directors constitutes the governing body of the airline with officials from within the airline and also ministers from the government of Oman. The chairman of the airline, Darwish bin Ismail bin Ali Al Balushi is the chairman of the board. Each of these committees is entrusted with specific roles and these determine the level of control they can exert on the airlines business operations. They evaluate the various achievement levels in the different modes of evaluation and identify the deficits. They also set targets that need to be achieved. Another very important aspect in case of management control in Oman Airs operations is the state control on the business. Since the Sultanate of Oman owns the business the implications of political affiliations, alignment to certain international bodies with mutually alike ideologies and an inclination to the Arab countries are predominant in shaping the control mechanisms of the airlines business as well. The development of a more Central Asia focused air route, inclusion of Islamic cuisines like the halal food in the menu are such examples. The airlines has developed its business on the basis of a clan control approach adopted by its top management which in another way had shaped the functioning of the airline basing on the principle of alignment to the Omani culture. Their products and services also represent this aspect where they advertise exquisite holiday packages to picturesque Omani countryside and also offer business class ground transportation facilities to business class passengers. This highly underlines the control mechanisms where the organizational objectives are designed as not only being routed to the Omani culture but are also modified with the adoption of new age technologies. Organizational chaos can be defined as a situation in which the employees loose the motivation and commitment to work. It is the result of the lack of an effective leadership which makes the workers incapable of setting a goal and measuring the way to lead to it. The lack of an organized and systematic planning in management makes the workers ultimately less productive and thereby they gradually lose their commitment to work. The presence of an effective leadership coming from a structured hierarchy of management officials each equipped with necessary skills, knowledge bases and controlling mechanisms obstructs creation of organizational chaos. Question of whether control is necessary or not It is often discussed and debated whether there should be a system of control from the top management or not. While many experts tend to support control in management practices many oppose it too. In understanding the implications of this problem it is first of all important to understand what are the advantages and disadvantages of having control or not. It is an established fact that effective controlling leads to a functional efficiency of a business and the absence of it leads to a directionless functioning. Therefore, it is advisable for organizations to have control systems from top management to make the organization run in a profitable way. This will help in understanding what needs to be done in achieving the goals an organization sets for itself as well as what needs to be avoided to stay away from incurring losses. In this regard, Oman Air can be said to have a practice of control from its top management and it is this effective controlling that has helped the airlines gro w as a business that needs no introduction. The airlines maintenance of a high service quality by the employees to constantly make the travelling, in flight services and airport based services memorable and wonderful customer experiences have been the guiding principle set by the top management. This has helped Oman Air to provide world class travelling experiences by constantly evaluating the operations and mode of conduct. The regular annual reports on the evaluation of the companys business and performance depict the seriousness and sincerity of the company in its self evaluation. In this respect, the vision statements set by the Chairman, the CEO and the executive committee portray how they envision the company to perform in the global airlines business. Conclusion Time to time evaluation, a check on the adherence of standards in products and services helps the organization understand its current position in the market and also its position in the near future. The only aspect that needs to be kept in mind is that the level of control should not be such that it binds the organization to a set of rigid rules making it difficult for employees to perform with motivation. The leadership of Oman Air has been decisive in creating strategies by incorporating social responsibility towards the Omani people as a core area of it operations. Recommendation The airline service Oman Air has achieved a considerable position for itself in the aviation industry of the Middle East. But, in order to be brand recognizable by everyone in the global market it can work on the following parameters. The organization can work on its leadership plan by including modification of its policies in recruiting and promoting the employees. It can follow the policy of promoting the senior workers to higher positions to create an environment of trust and growth. It can conduct training sessions, workshops and career growth plan oriented programs to motivate the employees. Thus, by initiating such steps the employees will be capable of taking up new challenges in transforming the organization to a center of excellence. The leadership can also help the other workers to be more efficient by demonstrating mutual respect and acknowledgement of the contributions of the employees. This will help in enhancing organizational behavior. The level of control should be exercised with utmost care. It should not be applied to limiting benefits enjoyed by the employees fostering an element of security into the organization in terms of employee turnover. Since the airlines aims at setting a world standard for itself, it can collaborate with international quality airline services like British Airways to conduct workshops on bilateral programs where the leadership from there can come and take some sessions and workshops. The airline can also try to include more aircrafts and also lay emphasis on increasing the number of economy class flight services bringing in a more dynamism in the organization. This will also require in transforming the way it trains its employees to conduct themselves with passengers who are largely business class. The communication channel practiced by the airlines also needs to be clearer by promoting more interaction and communication with the immediate supervisors. A policy of closed door should not be encouraged. Since the airline is based in a country dominated by Islamic culture it has certain rigidities pertaining to the functioning of the organization. It should therefore also try to imbibe good values and organizational practices from other cultures as well keeping the Omani people the center of their operations. References Airlineworld.wordpress.com. 2017.Oman Air | Airline world. [online] Available at: https://airlineworld.wordpress.com/category/oman-air/ [Accessed 30 Jul. 2017]. Anderson, M.H. and Sun, P.Y., 2017. Reviewing leadership styles: Overlaps and the need for a new full?rangetheory.International Journal of Management Reviews,19(1), pp.76-96. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Crossan, M.M., Byrne, A., Seijts, G.H., Reno, M., Monzani, L. and Gandz, J., 2017. Toward a framework of leader character in organizations.Journal of Management Studies. Elbanna, S., 2016. Managers' autonomy, strategic control, organizational politics and strategic planning effectiveness: An empirical investigation into missing links in the hotel sector.Tourism Management,52, pp.210-220. Traveleads.co.uk. (2017).New Oman Air Service: Manchester to Muscat | Traveleads. [online] Available at: https://www.traveleads.co.uk/node/805 [Accessed 30 Jul. 2017]. Khan, S.A., Rajasekar, J. and Al-Asfour, A., 2015. Organizational Career Development Practices: Learning from an Omani Company.International Journal of Business and Management,10(9), p.88. Ruben, B.D. and Gigliotti, R.A., 2017. Communication: Sine Qua Non of Organizational Leadership Theory and Practice.International Journal of Business Communication,54(1), pp.12-30. Shin, Y., Kim, M.S., Choi, J.N., Kim, M. and Oh, W.K., 2017. Does leader-follower regulatory fit matter? The role of regulatory fit in followers organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Management,43(4), pp.1211-1233. Skylordtravel.com. (2017).Flights on Oman Air - Skylord Travel. [online] Available at: https://www.skylordtravel.com/airline/Oman-Air [Accessed 30 Jul. 2017]. Stacey, R. (2007).Strategic management and organisational dynamics. 5th ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. Stacey, R.D., 2016.The chaos frontier: creative strategic control for business. Butterworth-Heinemann

When bad things happen to good people an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

When bad things happen to good people The very title of the book (When Bad Things Happen to Good People) certainly would appeal to people in general. The question of evil has been around since time immemorial, and there are many books written to address the subject mostly from theological standpoint. I think it is only right to address the problem of evil and suffering from the vantage point of theology because it engages the ultimate and the metaphysical when dealing with issues of evil and sufferings. Harold S. Kushner dealt with the question of suffering from the most practical sense that any human being could by trying to make sense of tragedies in life generally. In an excerpt taken from his best-seller book (http://www.myjewishlearning.com), he outrightly stated what he had come to believe about God. Constraint as a descriptive word is now not only applicable to humans but also to God. He said, God has His limitations. Nature has laws that even God has no power to break. Need essay sample on "When bad things happen to good people" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Frequently Tell Us: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper online? Essay writer professionals recommend: It Is Very Easy And Convenient To Buy Essays Online Of course, this is his way of making sense out of the troubles and tragedies that have become part of existence since the beginning of the history of man. In order for us to keep our balance psychologically in turbulent times, and at the same time keep ourselves from abandoning our faith in God and still perceive Him as loving and caring in spite of the bitterness of lifes misfortunes, we must change our concept of a God who is in total full control of everything. To keep on believing that God is sovereignly over everything is nonsense. It will automatically follow within the argument that if God is in full control and He allowed catastrophes in any form to have happened, then He is responsible no matter how grand His design might be by permitting such calamities to take place. Moreover, God is not only responsible, but also cruel. And Kushner could not conceive of such a God. So, the first thing to settle within ones mind is this wrong concept of God: that He is sovereign. It might be a good idea to entertain a supreme God who rules everything if the entire scenery of mans history has no record or not tainted with so much trouble; but unfortunately, history is riddled with so much atrocities. God does not cause misfortunes. We can think of other things to blame like our finiteness, other people who are evil, or bad luck or simply the limitations exerted on us by natural laws of nature, but never blame God. This is one of Kushners arguments. God is as outraged as we are by what has happened to the victims of 911 terrorists attack. We can turn to Him for help like He will see us through in the midst of our difficulties. Another thing that is very important to Kushner is the sense of meaning which people undergoing some kind of difficulties must have a grasp of. Most of the messes which people got into are bearable and surmountable if only those experiencing them can find some sense of meaning out of those ordeals. Indeed, to many, this is the case. And this is true. We need to only have a sense of purpose in everything and to put up with the ramifications would be easier. It makes no sense dying of cancer at home while doing nothing, whereas to spend or be spent in a cause more worthwhile is more sensible and hence, people who are engaged in political activism at times opted rather to be incarcerated for what they deem a more noble cause. According to Kushner, we can impose our own meaning on our tragedies. Misfortunes in and of themselves have no meaning, but we can create or think of some good meaning for them. A good perspective to add is the biblical perspective that says all evils in this world are caused directly and indirectly by the Fall. Why there is evil in the world? The Scriptures answer to this is: because of mans disobedience to God. If there is any reason for calamities in this world, it is for all humanity to realize the seriousness/gravity of Gods word. God takes sin seriously. When God restricted the first couple through His command not to eat of the fruit of the tree, it was as serious as the consequence of disobeying the command. God warned them that the moment they disobey and eat of the fruit of that tree, they will surely die. Since that time death and all evils have become the part and parcel of life in this world. There is nothing good in us if we are left alone. But to those who are really good people those who have been made good by the grace of God tragedies, if perchance they happen to them, there is definitely some purpose behind them, and meaning as well. Works Cited Kushner, Harold. Suffering and Evil: An Excerpt from When Bad Things Happen to Good People Published by Schocken Books.

Definition and Examples of Productivity in Language

Definition and Examples of Productivity in Language Definition Productivity is a general term in linguistics for the limitless ability to use language (i.e., any natural language) to say new things. Also known as open-endedness or creativity. The term productivity is also applied in a narrower sense to particular forms or constructions (such as affixes) that can be used to produce new instances of the same type. In this sense, productivity is most commonly discussed in connection with word formation. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: ArbitrarinessCultural TransmissionDisplacementDuality of PatterningEnglish LanguageNatural LanguageWhat Is Language? Examples and Observations Humans are continually creating new expressions and novel utterances by manipulating their linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations. This property is described as productivity (or creativity or open-endedness) and it is linked to the fact that the potential number of utterances in any human language is infinite.The communication systems of other creatures do not appear to have this type of flexibility. Cicadas have four signals to choose from and vervet monkeys have 36 vocal calls. Nor does it seem possible for creatures to produce new signals to communicate novel experiences or events. . . .This limiting factor of animal communication is described in terms of fixed reference. Each signal in the system is fixed as relating to a particular object or occasion. Among the vervet monkeys repertoire, there is one danger signal CHUTTER, which is used when a snake is around, and another RRAUP, used when an eagle is spotted nearby. These signals are fixed in terms of their reference and cannot be manipulated. (George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Open-Endedness, Duality of Patterning, and Freedom From Stimulus Control [M]ost of the utterances you produce and hear every day have very likely never before been produced by anybody. Consider a few examples: A large tear rolled down the little pink dragons nose; Peanut butter is a poor substitute for putty; Luxembourg has declared war on New Zealand; Shakespeare wrote his plays in Swahili, and they were translated into English by his African bodyguards. You have no difficulty in understanding theseeven if you dont believe all of them...This limitless ability to produce and understand totally new utterances is called open-endedness, and it should be perfectly clear to you that, without it, our languages and indeed our lives would be unrecognizably different from what they are. Perhaps no other feature of language so dramatically illustrates the vast, unbridgeable gulf separating human language from the signaling systems of all other creatures.The importance of open-endedness has been realized by linguists for decades; the term was coined by the American linguist Charles Hockett in 1960, though others have sometimes preferred the labels productivity or creativity.  (R.L. Trask, Language, and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007)[I]n human language the meaningful messages (both sentences and words) are infinite in variety by virtue of the fact that words are produced from a system of combining a finite set of meaningless units. Linguists since Hockett in the 1960s have described this hallmark property of language as duality of patterning.  (Dani Byrd and Toben H. Mintz, Discovering Speech, Words, and Mind. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010)The ability to respond freely is another key aspect of creativity: no human is obliged to make a fixed response to any situation. People can say whatever they want, or even stay silent... Having a limitless range of possible responses is known (technically) as freedom from stimulus control. (Jean Aitchison, The Word Weavers: Newshounds and Wordsmiths. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Productive, Nonproductive, and Semiproductive Forms and Patterns A pattern is productive if it is repeatedly used in language to produce further instances of the same type (e.g. the past-tense affix -ed in English is productive, in that any new verb will be automatically assigned this past-tense form). Non-productive (or unproductive) patterns lack any such potential; e.g. the change from mouse to mice is not a productive plural formation - new nouns would not adopt it, but would use instead the productive -s-ending pattern. Semi-productive forms are those where there is a limited or occasional creativity, as when a prefix such as un- is sometimes, but not universally, applied to words to form their opposites, e.g. happy → unhappy, but not sad → *unsad. (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008)[T]he plural affix s which is added onto the base form of nouns is productive because any new noun which is adopted into English will employ it, whereas the change from foot to feet is unproductive becau se it represents a fossilised plural form limited to a small set of nouns. (Geoffrey Finch, Linguistic Terms, and Concepts. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) The productivity of a pattern can change. Until recently, the adverb-forming suffix -wise was unproductive and confined to a handful of cases such as likewise, clockwise, lengthwise and otherwise. But today it has become highly productive, and we frequently coin new words like healthwise, moneywise, clothes wise and romancewise (as in How are you getting on romancewise?).  (R.L. Trask, Dictionary of English Grammar. Penguin, 2000) The Lighter Side of Productivity Now, our language, Tiger, our language. Hundreds of thousands of available words, trillions of legitimate new ideas. Hm? So that I can say the following sentence and be utterly sure that nobody has ever said it before in the history of human communication: Hold the newsreaders nose squarely, waiter or friendly milk will countermand my trousers. (Stephen Fry, A Bit of Fry and Laurie, 1989)

Element in story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Element in story - Assignment Example She is able to contain the sense of freedom within herself and disguise her joy with a sense of sorrow that is associated with the loss of her husband. However, she celebrates the onset of her freedom while secluded in her personal space and behind the closed door (Chopin 206). She remains hopeful of a promising future that will involve making her decisions without the influence of his husband or other people. She seems convinced of the end of the period of being undermined by superior authority. Another element, which reflects the onset of freedom, is the description accorded to the sky. Louise notes of the dark clouds piling by the west (Chopin 205). Such an observation may be translated as an indication of the dusk of her oppression. Her freedom was trickling like the blue sky. Arguably, she anticipated brighter days akin to the blue sky. The blue sky may, thus, be described as being symbolic with respect to the life of Louise. The demise of her husband is reflected as the termination of her oppressive submission as a wife. Her sudden death may be suggested to have resulted from the shock of learning the setback that struck the onset of her

Deficit Spending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deficit Spending - Essay Example Deficit financing has many advantages that benefit the economy in times of economic trouble but it has many disadvantages and overemphasis on it may turn hazardous for the economy. In a modern economy, budget deficit often evolve due to some common reasons like increase in government expenditure, fall in aggregate income level, inefficiency in the tax collection mechanism, subsidies granted by government in diverse sectors of the economy and so on. All these results in diminished pool of the state exchequer causing budget deficit wherein the mechanism of budget deficit by the government make its intervention coming with its own set of advantages. As discussed earlier, with two major tools like borrowing and printing new currency, the economy experiences development in infrastructure with capital infusion which in turn propels productivity boom in essential sectors like education, medicine and real estate to name a few. Money supply within the economy increases that as a spillover effect increase price level (although inflation acts as a predicament) of the economy that fetches gains to the producers in the supply side luring investments. One of the major advan tages of deficit financing is that it increases the aggregate demand within the economy increasing employment opportunities, income and thus more investments (Hajela, 2010, p. 348). After analyzing the advantages of deficit financing, it can be stated that there are some disadvantages of it as well. Inflation is one of the most prominent disadvantage or evil effects of deficit financing. If deficit financing cannot be controlled in a proper manner then inflationary pressure will increase. As for instance, in case of production owing to excess capacity deficiency, discrepancies between demand and supply of goods within the market and shortage of complementary factors coupled with increase in money supply accelerates inflationary pressure. Apart from that some

Love - How Information Technology can enhance a business Essay

Love - How Information Technology can enhance a business - Essay Example Digital score keeper will improve the service delivery by reducing the time wasted in manual score tallying as well as reducing score disputes between putt-putt groups. Online advertisements like use of social media and websites will enable the company to market its new services and improve the customer care services. Huge screens for indoor games will add variety to the services offered while digital boards on golf course holes will advertise other available services. The use of information technology and modern communication systems will enhance the operations and competitiveness of the business (Allen, Semenik & O’Guinn, 2012). Modern information technology developments have been used in production, provision of services and communication with customers and suppliers (Allen, Semenik & O’Guinn, 2012). Information technology offers numerous efficient, cheap and faster channels of communication like the e-mails, instant messages, and short messaging system servers. Information technologies like business software systems have been used by the management in decision making since they have the capacity to capture, store, process and retrieve information as per the requirements of the user (Allen, Semenik & O’Guinn, 2012). Information technologies like electronic commerce have enabled businesses to trade in the global markets without having physical presence in those markets. E-commerce offers 24 hours business trading activity he nce customers can shop from any location of the world and at their convenience (Allen, Semenik & O’Guinn, 2012). Information technology has enabled businesses to attract and retain customers. Through the use of websites, social applications sites and messaging systems, many businesses have overcome the location barrier in their marketing efforts hence increasing the market size. Information technology has enabled businesses to conduct market intelligence on the changing customer needs. Information technology facilities the