Ethical Principles Notes :: Ethics Philosophy PHI Notes

Ethical Principles Notes There are many ethical principles. e.g. a woman has a right to control what happens to her body we should respect life we should do no harm to others we should help others there should be justice in the distribution of resources Some principles are more general than others. So some principles are special cases of more general ones. For instance, the right to control what happens to one's body is a special case of the principle of autonomy, the right to control one's own life. HÃ ©bert identifies 3 main general principles: Autonomy, Beneficence, and Justice. There may be other principles which are not special cases of these, e.g. respecting life. We can generally all agree to general principles, such as autonomy and beneficence. The disagreement comes over cases where the principles conflict, e.g., in abortion right, autonomy conflicts with beneficence. If a principle covers a case, it creates a duty. For example, it a person wishes to do something you disagree with, you have a duty to respect her autonomy. However, duties can be divided into two kinds: "Prima facie" and "Absolute" A prima facie duty is something you should do if there are no stronger reasons for doing something different. Prima facie duties can be trumped by other moral considerations. An absolute duty is something you should do no matter what. Nothing can trump an absolute duty. (There is some dispute about whether any absolute duties exist.) Rights and Duties If a person has a right to X, then she must get X (other things being equal.) If a person has a duty to do Y, then she must do Y (other things being equal). Not all right and wrong can be expressed in terms of rights or duties. But some good actions are not duties. Someone can go above and beyond the call of duty. I can be kind to someone I don't like even though I may have no moral duty to do so. The fact that a person has a right to do Y does not mean that Y is good. Ethical Principles Notes :: Ethics Philosophy PHI Notes Ethical Principles Notes There are many ethical principles. e.g. a woman has a right to control what happens to her body we should respect life we should do no harm to others we should help others there should be justice in the distribution of resources Some principles are more general than others. So some principles are special cases of more general ones. For instance, the right to control what happens to one's body is a special case of the principle of autonomy, the right to control one's own life. HÃ ©bert identifies 3 main general principles: Autonomy, Beneficence, and Justice. There may be other principles which are not special cases of these, e.g. respecting life. We can generally all agree to general principles, such as autonomy and beneficence. The disagreement comes over cases where the principles conflict, e.g., in abortion right, autonomy conflicts with beneficence. If a principle covers a case, it creates a duty. For example, it a person wishes to do something you disagree with, you have a duty to respect her autonomy. However, duties can be divided into two kinds: "Prima facie" and "Absolute" A prima facie duty is something you should do if there are no stronger reasons for doing something different. Prima facie duties can be trumped by other moral considerations. An absolute duty is something you should do no matter what. Nothing can trump an absolute duty. (There is some dispute about whether any absolute duties exist.) Rights and Duties If a person has a right to X, then she must get X (other things being equal.) If a person has a duty to do Y, then she must do Y (other things being equal). Not all right and wrong can be expressed in terms of rights or duties. But some good actions are not duties. Someone can go above and beyond the call of duty. I can be kind to someone I don't like even though I may have no moral duty to do so. The fact that a person has a right to do Y does not mean that Y is good.

On issue of reconstruction of Iraq after war Essay

One year after the war on Iraq was launched; the promise of improved human rights for Iraqi citizens remain far from realized, concludes a new report by Amnesty International. Twelve months on from the invasion of Iraq by the US-led coalition, the Iraqi people still suffer from serious human rights violations. The past year has seen scores of unarmed people killed due to excessive or unnecessary use of lethal force by Coalition forces during public demonstrations, at check points and in house raids. Thousands of people have been detained, often under harsh conditions, and subjected to prolonged and often unacknowledged detention. Many have been tortured or ill-treated and some have died in custody. Violence is endemic, whether in the form of attacks by armed groups or abuses by the occupying forces. Millions of people have suffered the consequences of destroyed or looted infrastructure, mass unemployment and uncertainty about their future. There is little or no confidence that all those responsible for human rights abuses, both past and present, will be brought to justice. After a year of war, lawlessness, spiralling violence and economic hardship, Iraqis face an uncertain future. For the next year to be better than the last, the occupying forces, Iraqi political and religious leaders and the international community must make a real commitment to protecting and promoting human rights in Iraq. A year after the war began Iraqi civilians are still being killed every day. Over 10,000 Iraqi civilians are estimated to have been killed since 18 March 2003 as a direct result of the military intervention in Iraq, either during the war or during the subsequent occupation. The figure is an estimate as the authorities are unwilling or unable to catalogue killings. Scores of civilians have been killed apparently as a result of excessive use of force by US troops, or have been shot dead in disputed circumstances. No US soldier has been prosecuted for illegally killing an Iraqi civilian. Iraqi courts, because of an order issued by the US-led authority in Baghdad in June 2003, are forbidden from hearing cases against US soldiers or any other foreign troops or foreign officials in Iraq. In effect, US soldiers are operating with total impunity. Iraqi civilians have also faced danger in the form of attacks, apparently carried out by armed groups that have been a growing feature of life in Iraq since the occupation began. The attacks have targeted the US military, Iraqi security personnel, Iraqi-controlled police stations, religious leaders and buildings, media workers, non-governmental organizations and UN agencies. They have resulted in the deaths of at least hundreds of civilians. To the extent that these bombings are part of a widespread or systematic attack on the civilian population of Iraq in furtherance of an organization’s policy, they would constitute crimes against humanity. The lack of law and order continues to be a major concern in many areas of Iraq. Ensuring justice is fundamental for the countless victims of human rights violations in Iraq. Iraqis have suffered decades of grave violations by their government as well as abuses committed during the course of several conflicts, including the recent war and its aftermath. Fundamental changes to Iraq’s legal, judicial and penal systems are needed. Human rights must be at the centre of all efforts to rebuild and reconstruct Iraq. A failure to fully protect human rights in the process of change would be a betrayal of the Iraqi people, who have suffered so much in the past. CURRENT RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENT The hopes to American and British plans of reconstruction of Iraq have cast serious doubts whether it will serve the rights of the Iraqis or the economic ends of US and UK. George Bush and company having a clear idea of the destruction they will unleash on the Iraqi people is beyond doubt. However, that does not deter them from following this disastrous course of action. The US government is prepared to spend around $12bn on attacking Iraq. So far it has only offered $65 million to provide them with the basics of life. This $65 million is expected to last less than 6 months but that is all right according to the calculations of the Bush administration. By then, the world media would have moved on to some new crisis, just as Afghanistan is now relegated to the inner most pages of newspapers. This $65 million should help contain the misery of the Iraqi people within some parameters for the brief period of time that they expect the world to pay attention to Iraq. The real â€Å"reconstruction† of Iraq has the US and UK, along with their cronies, salivating. In the name of reconstruction they will receive lucrative contracts for their respective private sectors. In the case of Iraq, the oil company Halliburton, which incidentally was headed by US Vice President Dick Cheney between 1995-2000, has already been awarded a multi-million dollar contract to clean up the Iraqi oilfields after the devastation of war, especially if a retreating Iraqi army puts them to fire. Other American and British oil companies are likely to exert complete control of Iraqi oilfields. Since the market for oil is relatively price-inelastic, and does not lend itself well to brand differentiation, control of supplies is everything in this industry. The prizes don’t come any bigger than the Iraqi oilfields. Other equally substantial payoffs await these companies in the future. For instance, apart from the immediate profits and control of natural resources, first mover advantages in these markets are bound to be enormous. As Steven Schooner, a George Washington University law professor maintains â€Å"the most sophisticated firms that come in first, and establish good will with the locals obviously will reap huge benefits down the road. These are going to become brand names in Iraq.

Free Essays on The Go Getter

The Go-Getter is a story about one man’s drive and persistence. William E. Peck is his name and he is an ex-soldier who was injured in battle. Bill lost one of his arms and had one of his legs shortened because of a gunshot wound. But the story begins as the Ricks & Logging Company is looking for a man who can take over managerial responsibilities in their Shanghai office. The two previous managers have had alcohol problems and have not lived up to their responsibilities. So the company is looking for a replacement. First off, Cappy Ricks and Mr. Skinner are set on a Mr. Andrews taking the job in Shanghai. But in walks this gimpy one-armed man into Mr. Ricks’ office and wow’s him with his powerful ability to sell himself, Bill Peck. Bill had met with several other people in the company and they did not give him a chance. But he wouldn’t quit and went straight to the top and achieved what he was looking for, and got his chance. Early in Bill’s job, he does surprisingly well. The top dogs at the company think that Bill just may be the man to take over the Shanghai office instead of Mr. Andrews. But he would have to pass one test. Cappy sends Bill out to pick up a blue vase and deliver it back to Cappy by a certain time and place. What Bill doesn’t know is that Cappy sets obstacles to make the task almost impossible. Bill succeeds in this mission to the surprise of Cappy. Bill is only the second person out of fifteen to actually complete the mission. Bill is ultimately offered the job to take over the Shanghai office. At my internship, my supervisor in working the cameras at WICU has not exemplified the same managerial style and qualities as Cappy Ricks. He’s just not that mean, in the sense of sending me out on a bogus story or on a wild goose chase. But he does have confidence in me to shoot what I think is appropriate. His confidence in me does work, because if he would always shoot a story or scene, then how could I... Free Essays on The Go Getter Free Essays on The Go Getter The Go-Getter is a story about one man’s drive and persistence. William E. Peck is his name and he is an ex-soldier who was injured in battle. Bill lost one of his arms and had one of his legs shortened because of a gunshot wound. But the story begins as the Ricks & Logging Company is looking for a man who can take over managerial responsibilities in their Shanghai office. The two previous managers have had alcohol problems and have not lived up to their responsibilities. So the company is looking for a replacement. First off, Cappy Ricks and Mr. Skinner are set on a Mr. Andrews taking the job in Shanghai. But in walks this gimpy one-armed man into Mr. Ricks’ office and wow’s him with his powerful ability to sell himself, Bill Peck. Bill had met with several other people in the company and they did not give him a chance. But he wouldn’t quit and went straight to the top and achieved what he was looking for, and got his chance. Early in Bill’s job, he does surprisingly well. The top dogs at the company think that Bill just may be the man to take over the Shanghai office instead of Mr. Andrews. But he would have to pass one test. Cappy sends Bill out to pick up a blue vase and deliver it back to Cappy by a certain time and place. What Bill doesn’t know is that Cappy sets obstacles to make the task almost impossible. Bill succeeds in this mission to the surprise of Cappy. Bill is only the second person out of fifteen to actually complete the mission. Bill is ultimately offered the job to take over the Shanghai office. At my internship, my supervisor in working the cameras at WICU has not exemplified the same managerial style and qualities as Cappy Ricks. He’s just not that mean, in the sense of sending me out on a bogus story or on a wild goose chase. But he does have confidence in me to shoot what I think is appropriate. His confidence in me does work, because if he would always shoot a story or scene, then how could I...

Dangerous Game essays

Dangerous Game essays Jose Rabadan was a solitary child who lived in Murcia, a small region of Spain. Apparently, Jose was a normal boy of 13 years old who went to the school and played with his neighbors and family. His family and friends realized that Jose was a little isolated and sad, but they did not think that it was important. One day, the Jose ¡s parents gave him a Play Station. They thought that it would be very funny for him. Jose showed a big happiness and emotion. At first, he played everyday but not many hours. He invited to his friends and he played with them. Day by day, The play Station began to be the most important thing for him. He begin to failed in the school and to have conflicts with his classmates. Teachers called his parents in order to explain them the problem, but they thought that it would be temporal. He stop to go out with his friends spending the whole day playing to the Play Station. Their family did not see anything weird in that and they decided not tell him nothing. He played hours and hours while their parents went to work and his sister was in a special school, so she was mentally retarded. His favorite game was one in which Samurais had to fight against animals and monsters in order to obtain more power. He loved so much that play that he began to ask their parents by a S amurai sword. At first their parents doubted, but later they thought that it would be a decorative element for the Jose ¡s room. One month later, parents and sister ¡s Jose were founded dead in their house. They were totally cut into pieces and distributed by the house. Jose was not there. Police knew that Jose were guilty of the massacre, so he had left a lot of proofs such us fingerprints and so on. Jose was to police next day finding him guilty. He told them the facts in a quiet way. Police answered him what reasons had he had to kill to their family and he answered that had not any reason. ...

TRAINING AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR EMPLOYEES IN VIETNAM Dissertation

TRAINING AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR EMPLOYEES IN VIETNAM AIRLINES - Dissertation Example When asked about the improvement areas of training in terms of training phases, training design surprisingly received the highest percentage, with training needs analysis succeeding it. Eight out of the 21 soft skills which were assessed in terms of the priority accorded to them by Vietnam Airlines were rated as high priority areas by more than 50% of the sample. These soft skills include the following: drive to achieve; dealing with others effectively; managing relationships; leadership; developing people; team empowerment; strategic thinking; and effectively adapting to change. Nearly half say that they have IDPs in place, while majority have agreed that their training policy is effective. Half of the respondents claim being involved in the assessment of their training needs and how the organisation has shown how training influences job performance. Performance evaluations, which is a support mechanism to training and development, is carried out at least once a year, according to a ll of the respondents. Attendance to both in-house and external training was experienced by at least half of the respondents at least once within the past 12 months. ... Additionally, the following obstacles to training and development must be addressed: operations being given greater priority than training and development and the unclear role of training as a promotion criterion. Significant and positive correlations were yielded for both OCB and employee engagement, underscoring the critical importance of the training and development function for Vietnam Airlines, in its bid for competitiveness within the airline industry. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Vietnam Airlines 8 1.3 Relationship of Training, Employee Engagement and Organisation Citizenship Behaviour 12 1.4 Research Aim 14 1.5 Research Objectives 14 1.5 Overview of the Study 14 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 16 2.1 Review of Related Literature 16 2.2 Importance of Training and Development in the Airline Industry 16 2.3 Phases of Training Function 21 2.4 Analysis 22 2.5 Design 23 2.5 Development 24 2.6 Implementation 25 2.7 Evaluation 25 2.8 Factor s that Influence the Effectiveness of Training 26 2.8.1 Training Needs 26 2.8.2 Formal Training 28 2.8.3 Informal Training 28 2.9 Employee Engagement 34 2.10 The Constructs of Employee Engagement 38 2.10.1 The constructs of employee engagement include job satisfaction, involvement and commitment. 38 2.10.2 Organisational Citizenship Behaviour 39 2.10.3 Constructs of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour 40 Chapter 3 Methodology 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Research Approach 47 3.3 Research Design 50 3.4 Sampling Plan 51 3.5 Data Collection Procedures 52 3.6 Instrument 53 3.7 Ethical Considerations 56 3.8 Method of Data Analysis 57 3.9 Conclusion 57

Select a (domestic)3 public limited company of your choice and analyse Essay

Select a (domestic)3 public limited company of your choice and analyse what price and non-price strategies it employs for its co - Essay Example On the other side, financial statements are very essential for different types of user in for different company. So, before preparing the financial statement the accountant must be clear that the users survive by the information. There are different types of group with a curiosity of different organisation called user group. The different types of user follows the financial statement for their decision making purpose. The company analysis is mainly based on the financial statements of the company (Chatton, 2008, p.125). Here the Researcher will analyse the different aspects of the National – Express Group like Customer profile, competition, social and technological issues, unique selling proposition, financial performance analysis etc. The researcher uses ratio and trend analysis to analyse the financial performance. General Description of the Company National – Express Group is a popular transport service provider company in UK as well as in Europe. The business networ k of the company spreads in UK, Spain, North America and Morocco. The statistics shows that there are more than 650 million journeys are made through the company every year. The transport services of the company categorised as trains, buses, coaches and light rail services. The primary strategy of the company is to offer quality products and services to the customers for the purpose of enhance the growth rate in the existing market. The company tries to win new bidding opportunity through rail, coaches and bus markets. Presently, the company has been able to recover the underlying growth in Spain and creating new bid opportunity by aiming to increase overall growth. Presently, the company introduces coach and rail business in UK which seems to be profitable and contributes in the growth success in long term basis. Presently, the company is able to recover the underlying growth in Spain and creating new bid opportunity by aiming to increase overall growth. Presently, the company intr oduces coach and rail business in UK which seems to be profitable and contributes in the growth success in long term basis. In past few years, the company tried to acquire different transport operator companies, whose operation, modes and geographies match with the existing business of the company. For the purpose of enhancing the value of shareholder, National Express Group implemented strict return criteria in the case of acquisition. In 2010, the company acquired bolt-on school bus acquisition in New Jersey in the value of US$13.3 million (William, 2009, p.45). The annual reports of the company show that 2011 is a successful year for National - Express Group. In this year, the company generated ?180.2 million EBITA (profit before tax and amortisation) which is more or less double than the previous year. The primary reason of enhancing the statutory profit before tax is three folds increase in sales revenue and the operating profit. The maximum level of profit from the UK Coach bu siness is also a reason for profit increasing (National Express Group PLC, 2011, p.67). There are significant improvements in each and every business of the company over the last two years. The bus services in UK and North America increased the operating margin. The

Understanding Nursing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding Nursing Theory - Essay Example Grand theory presenters start theoretical formulation at abstraction level and these formulations never link the realities. Roy’s (1971) work was designated for the grand theory. Roy presented the adaptation model. In the adaption model of Roy, a person was perceived as receiving the adaptive system for inputs. This input may be as the stimuli from the external environment, which is processed by the feedback or internal processes. These processes are inherent in the changing abilities of individuals and result into an output in the form of either ineffective response or adaptive (Parse, 2001). Middle range Theory is less abstract and more specific in its scope, which reflects a practice and also addresses the specific phenomenon. This theory deals with a limited number of aspects of real world concepts. A mid-range theory is made up of relative concrete concepts, which are concrete propositions and defined operationally. These concepts can be tested empirically. A period of ten years ago, Georgene Eakes, Mary Burke, and Margaret Hainsworth developed the theory of Chronic Sorrow. This is the application of the middle range theory of nursing that explains the periodic recurrence of a continuous sadness or grief feeling over an important loss. This presents the normal response to the loss. Because, parents always felt sadness over their children’s mental retardation and this response was not permanent. Clinicians could intervene in these conditions if they had similar beliefs. This theory also related with the feelings of parents who have premature infants. Hainsworth, Eakes, & Burke (1994) found that mothers of those children with the spina bifida also had a pervasive sadness. This theory focuses upon the specific phenomenon, which mirror out the clinical practices and has narrowest interest range. This theory is limited to a particular population or a specific field of